"Cause of Action" - What is it?

A cause of action is 'the fact or facts which give a person a right to judicial relief". A right to a judicial relief without any facts backing up does not give rise to a cause of action. Equally, not every fact or situation or problem or loss or negative event gives right to judicial relief. Having a "cause of action" lies in having facts regarding which the law recognizes a right to sue.

A useful example would be this:
I may walk up to you and hold up, say, three fingers. That rather odd act does not, in and of itself, create a "cause of action" because you can't sue me for holding three fingers in the air. If, on the other hand, that was a symbol used by those who once regularly beat you within an inch of your life (and I knew it) then you might have a cause of action in that you now have grounds to sue me for intentional infliction of emotional distress.